Preeclampsia—it's a word that might sound familiar, especially if you've followed the pregnancy journeys of Beyoncé, Serena Williams, or Kim Kardashian. You probably know it's dangerous, but unless you've faced it yourself, it might just seem like another scary-sounding term in the long list of things to worry about during pregnancy. But here's the thing: preeclampsia is a life-threatening form of high blood pressure that every expecting mother—and everyone who supports them—should be aware of. So, let’s break it down. Here's everything you need to know about this serious pregnancy complication, with all the facts you need to stay informed and empowered.
What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and often protein in the urine, occurring after the 20th week of pregnancy. It can affect various organs, including the liver and kidneys, and if left untreated, can lead to severe complications for both mother and baby. The condition is a part of a spectrum known as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which can also include gestational hypertension and eclampsia, a more severe form of preeclampsia.
Why is Preeclampsia So Dangerous?
The dangers of preeclampsia lie in its potential to cause life-threatening complications. For mothers, it can lead to liver or kidney damage, and in severe cases, it can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), preeclampsia is responsible for approximately 15% of preterm births in the United States, and it is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally .
For the baby, preeclampsia can restrict blood flow to the placenta, leading to low birth weight, premature birth, or even stillbirth. Babies born prematurely due to preeclampsia may face a lifetime of health challenges, including respiratory issues, developmental delays, and chronic health conditions .
Who is at Risk?
Preeclampsia can happen to any pregnant woman, but certain factors can increase the risk. First-time mothers, women carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.), women with a history of chronic hypertension, and those with a family history of preeclampsia are at higher risk. Other risk factors include obesity, age (women over 35), and pre-existing conditions like diabetes or kidney disease .
Signs and Symptoms
The tricky part about preeclampsia is that its symptoms can be subtle and easily mistaken for normal pregnancy discomforts. The hallmark sign is high blood pressure, but others include severe headaches, changes in vision (like seeing spots), upper abdominal pain, and sudden swelling in the hands, feet, and face. Some women may also experience nausea or vomiting, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output. If you are concerned AT ALL call your care provider or go to your nearest urgent care immediately.
What Can Be Done?
The only definitive cure for preeclampsia is delivering the baby, which can be a challenging decision if it occurs early in pregnancy. However, the timing of delivery depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the baby. In cases where preeclampsia is mild and the pregnancy is not yet full term, doctors may recommend close monitoring, bed rest, and medications to manage blood pressure and prevent complications.
For severe cases, especially if the condition progresses to eclampsia, immediate delivery is often necessary to protect both mother and child. Postpartum preeclampsia, which can occur after childbirth, is also a serious concern and requires prompt medical attention.
The Bottom Line
Preeclampsia is a condition that should not be taken lightly. Its impact can be devastating if not managed appropriately, making awareness and early detection crucial. Regular prenatal visits, paying attention to your body’s signals, and having open communication with your healthcare provider are key to navigating pregnancy safely. While preeclampsia can be frightening, understanding the risks and signs can help ensure the best possible outcome for both mother and baby.
